什么叫分词的悬锤现象?好想老师说句子状语,好像又是插入语才有悬锤现象,我记不清楚了,应该是怎么样的啊?分词的悬锤现象是不是独立主格啊?

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垂悬结构(The Dangling Construction)就是一个句子成分,如分词短语,不定式动词短语等,找不到被修饰的主语或被修饰的对象不合逻辑。垂悬结构是种错误的句法,应该避免。   下面是三种常见的垂悬结构及其改正方法:   ⒈垂悬分词或分词短语,如:   ① Climbing up the hill, several boars were seen。   这句子里的现在分词短语(present participial phrase)修饰主语“several boars”是错的;改正方法有二:   (a)确定是逻辑主语,使句子变成“Climbing up the hill, the explorers saw several boars。”   (b)把现在分词短语扩大为副词分句(也称状语从句):“When the explorers climbed up the hill, they saw several boars/ several boars were seen。”   ⒉垂悬副词短语,如:   ② After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite。   这句的副词短语(adverb phrase)和主语“the fish”有什么逻辑关系呢?真正的逻辑主语应该是“the fisherman”或“the angler”才对。改正方法和例①同:   (a) After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fisherman found that the fish began to bite。   (b) After the fisherman had put a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite。   ⒊垂悬不定式动词短语,如:   ③ To write well, a lot of practice is needed。   ④ To be a loyal employee, a sense of belonging is a must。   这两个句子的不定式动词短语(infinitive phrases)并不能修饰“practice”和“a sense of belonging”,真正的主语必须是“ 人”,如:   (a) To write well, one needs a lot of practice/a person has to practise a lot。   (b) To be a loyal employee, he or she must have a sense of belonging。   上述三类垂悬结构中,第一类发生的频率最高,必须注意。但是在下列三种情况下,分词短语是对的,它们并非垂悬结构:   第一,独立结构(The Absolute Construction,见3月7日《中英合谈》)中的分词短语有自己的主语,所以不是垂悬结构。例如:   ① Such being the case, we can go home now。/。。。it is not wrong to call it a day。   第二,当分词含有介词或连词性质时,它不需要逻辑主语,所以没有垂悬问题存在。例如:   ② Owing to a lack of funds, the project has to be discontinued。   ③ Provided that there is sufficient time, everyone can do the job better。   第三,当分词短语是用来表示说话者的态度或意见时,也不需要逻辑主语,因此也不存在着垂悬问题。例如:   ④ Judging from his facial look, the news must have been terrible。   ⑤ Taken as a whole, there is nothing wrong with the logic behind that idea 。